The EU’s new economic security tools and China’s countermeasure calculus
A paper by the Centre for European Reform argued that Germany faces a “China shock 2.0” as Chinese mass production and import substitution pressure German firms in China, Europe, and third markets. It cited China’s export volumes rising over 40 percent since the pandemic, a manufacturing surplus of about $2 trillion, and potential risks to 400,000-plus German jobs tied to exports to China.